Arm And Hand In Motion By Anatomy For Sculptors Pdf Verified May 2026

Paper: Anatomical Logic of the Arm and Hand in Motion

Humerus: The humerus is the longest bone of the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. It has a rounded head at the proximal end, which articulates with the scapula, and a distal end that forms the elbow joint with the radius and ulna.
Radius and Ulna: The radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm, which run parallel to each other from the elbow to the wrist. The radius is located on the lateral (outer) side of the forearm, while the ulna is on the medial (inner) side.
Carpals: The carpals are eight small bones that form the wrist. They are arranged in two rows: proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform) and distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate).
Metacarpals: The metacarpals are five long bones that connect the carpals to the phalanges. Each metacarpal bone has a base, shaft, and head, and they are numbered one to five, starting from the thumb.
Phalanges: The phalanges are the bones of the fingers, which are divided into proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges.

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Step 4: The Hand Gestalt

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Shoulder girdle alignment correct for torso rotation.
Upper arm mass oriented along humerus axis.
Forearm twist matches pronation/supination.
Elbow crease and olecranon positioned correctly.
Wrist alignment and carpal block shape consistent with hand pose.
Fingertip lengths, knuckle rhythm, and tendon lines placed.
Readable silhouette from primary camera angle.

Gender Variations:

It highlights the anatomical differences in form and volume between male and female upper limbs. Paper: Anatomical Logic of the Arm and Hand in Motion